Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones become more fragile and less resistant, progressively losing bone density over time.
In most cases, osteoporosis is not painful: the reduction in bone mass itself does not cause pain, but it significantly increases the risk of fractures, particularly of the vertebrae and the proximal femur.
Due to the general ageing of the population and increasing life expectancy, the prevalence of this condition is constantly rising. It mainly affects women after menopause and older men (over 65 years).
The main examination used by physicians to diagnose osteoporosis, following a thorough medical history and clinical assessment, is the DEXA scan (DXA), which measures bone mineral density.
Like many other chronic conditions of our time, osteoporosis is not a life sentence. With appropriate adjustments and precautions, it is possible to live a full life with minimal limitations.
Prevention: How to Reduce the Risk of Osteoporosis
- Physical activity
Weight-bearing and resistance exercises during youth help develop and maintain higher bone density later in life. Physical activity should be adapted to individual capacity and maintained throughout all stages of life. - Nutrition
Adequate calcium intake, preferably from food sources such as milk, yoghurt, cheese and certain vegetables, is essential. Proper protein intake, maintaining a healthy body weight and preventing sarcopenia are equally important. - Vitamin D
Vitamin D plays a role similar to a hormone and is essential for healthy bone metabolism. It is activated through sun exposure and may be supplemented under medical supervision if deficient. - What to avoid
Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and a sedentary lifestyle should be avoided.
Management of Diagnosed Osteoporosis (IOF Guidelines)
- Assess fracture risk with a physician or healthcare professional.
- Address modifiable risk factors, including nutrition and lifestyle. Therapeutic exercise has strong scientific evidence for reducing fall risk and maintaining independence in older adults. Weight-bearing exercises, with or without external loads depending on health status, are considered safe and effective even in osteoporotic individuals.
- Pharmacological therapy may be considered, including antiresorptive or osteoanabolic drugs, in consultation with a physician.
- Regular follow-up assessments to monitor disease progression.
This article provides a general overview. Readers are always encouraged to consult their general practitioner or specialist for personalised assessment and management.
